Stress can have a small to a significant impact on the patient as well as their pain. The connection between stress and pain is that patients who experience stress may perceive increased levels of pain. Therefore, reducing a patient’s level of stress can have a positive impact on the patient as well as their experience of pain.
Perception
- Beliefs
- Expectations
Cognition
- Attention
- Learning
- Memory
- Hypervigilance
- Catastrophizing
Mood
- Anxiety
- Depression
- PTSD
- Traumatic events
- Childhood experiences
Neurological Changes
- Neurodegeneration
- Neuroplasticity
- Maladaptive
- Injury
- Sensitization
Socioeconomic
- Gender
- Racial
- Cultural
- Age
- Sexual orientation
Lifestyle
- Diet
- Smoking
- Alcohol
- Substance abuse
- Sleep
- Exercise
Pain
- Duration
- Frequency
- Location
- Severity
Occupations
- Function
- Dysfunction and occupational deprivation